Over the past ten years, climate activism has moved from the edges to the mainstream. But does it actually make a difference? Can protests, online campaigns and public pressure really change things?

Mary Wheatley’s 2024 report, Climate Activism and Social Change, shows that yes, they can and they do. Her research makes it clear: activism doesn’t just inspire people, it can change laws and shift political priorities.

How activism raised awareness

From early oil spill protests to Greta Thunberg’s school strikes, campaigners have helped turn climate science into stories that people connect with. Movements like Fridays for Future and Extinction Rebellion have reframed climate change as something that affects all of us - not just ice caps and polar bears, but our food, homes, health and safety.

That work has helped push climate from a niche issue to a mainstream concern.

From the streets to parliament

Wheatley’s research links protest movements to real political outcomes. For example, the UK’s net-zero target and Germany’s coal exit both came after massive public pressure.

It’s not just about the shouting - smart campaigns often pair public protests with clear policy asks. Politicians don’t always lead on climate, but they will follow public sentiment if it’s loud and clear enough.

The study found a pattern: when protests were announced, governments often responded with new policies. Activism, in short, creates urgency.

Real-world results

Activism can lead to real wins. Wheatley highlights examples like:

  • Climate pledges made after mass mobilisation
  • Green investments fast-tracked due to public demand
  • Big institutions pulling money out of fossil fuels after activist pressure

Change can be slow, but it builds up. Campaigns shift the public conversation, and over time, that shifts what politicians think is possible.

Challenges activists face

It’s not always smooth sailing. The report points out some hurdles:

  • Politicians and the media sometimes label protests as too radical or unrealistic
  • People can burn out if they don’t see fast results
  • Activists are often painted as out-of-touch or extreme

But those reactions, Wheatley argues, are signs that the system feels threatened, which means activism is working.

What makes a campaign effective?

According to the research, the best campaigns usually share a few traits:

  • They bring together lots of different groups (youth, scientists, faith leaders, etc.)
  • They ask for specific things - like net-zero by 2030 or divesting from fossil fuels
  • They use powerful imagery or stunts to grab attention
  • They don’t stop at protest - they also talk to politicians and push for change

It’s not just about passion - it’s about strategy, too.

In summary

Activism changes things. It helps shift public opinion, influence elections and get laws passed. As the climate crisis gets worse, the pressure created by campaigners will become even more vital.